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In the eighteenth century, honor was regarded as the principle of monarchical government. Under the French First Republic (1792–1799), it became the principle of republican government, alongside virtue. In this new conception, honor was not only democratic (every citizen was a man of honor) but also legal: The law alone conferred honor and a rank (or a dignity) within the order of citizens. When the reestablished Republic of 1944 revived the conception of honor forged and implemented under the First Republic, French citizens who had been Vichyites during the Occupation were deemed “unworthy” after the Liberation and made second-class citizens.