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This paper explores the mechanisms in Brazil that link changes in lifestyles to demographic change and urbanisation. We describe the main characteristics of demographic transition and urban growth, underlining the fact that they coincide historically. We then illustrate the changes in consumption patterns by analysing food and clothing consumption. Finally, we demonstrate the links that exist between lifestyles and changes in demographic structures and spatial frameworks. We develop the idea that social change and shifts in the material conditions of existence are, in part, driven by the sum of individual behaviours that make up demographic dynamics.