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With a view to a progressive construction of a metapsychology of the third type necessary for the development of the psychoanalytic discipline in the context of contemporary malaise, and to redefining its possible scientificity, the analysis proposed here revisits the epistemological problematic of interpretation. Its aim is to sketch, within the Freudian filiation, an outline of a general theory of knowledge permitting the integration of psychoanalytic theory and its recent developments concerning the theory of the unconscious, of the link, and of groupality with the new paradigms of rational knowledge. In this complementarist approach, it proves possible, by drawing on the analysis of countertransference, to conciliate and articulate the singularity of the mythopoetical in the dynamic of the transference and the set/identity-based rationality modelizing the processes and determinisms at work, and to link these with new models of scientific rationality.