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In this article, we discuss the economic theories that underlie the defense policies of the world’s major military powers. While France and the United Kingdom’s conceptions are rooted in liberal positions and Marxist thought, represented by Bukharin and described as a “right-wing deviation,” the United States has a vision of defense policy that, by contrast, is largely inspired by the most radical interventionist and Marxist theses. Last, Russia and China are seeking an intermediate path based on public-private partnership.