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Authorities in France are calling for an “outpatient shift” in healthcare. While this is not conceived as a policy specific to psychiatry, what are the issues for the discipline, which is already organized in a more territorialized, outpatient-focused way than many other areas of healthcare in France? Beginning from the French case, the authors ask what the term “deinstitutionalization” involves—while the term is widely used, it ultimately covers very diverse situations. The absence of a shared modelization is a hindrance, and underlines the importance of shared criteria for guaranteeing the progress of deinstitutionalization.