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Analysis of aerial documents shows specific forest cover evolutions in two neighboring valleys of the central high-Atlas (Aït Bou Guemez and Aït Bou Oulli) during the second half of the 20th century. These diverge both quantitatively (regression of average forest cover) and spatially (geographical distribution of deforestation areas and progression of tree cover). How should such differences between two neighboring valleys in the same bioclimatic context be interpreted? Three data sets are examined in turn within the framework of a synchronic and diachronic analysis of the socio-ecological system: 1) demographic growth; 2) market access and transformation of family production systems; 3) the role of forest management institutions (local community institutions and national institution). At each stage of the analysis, the explanatory models grow more complex by introducing new factors. The relevance of the comparative approach is based on the significant differences between the two valleys, including availability of forest resources, market access, development process and the way the forest management institutions operate. In conclusion, we suggest two approaches for redirecting the Moroccan forestry strategy in mountainous regions: 1) acknowledging the managerial capabilities of local communities; 2) and establishing an effective political mediation process in forest areas ravaged by inter-community conflicts. By emphasizing the mediating and arbitration function of the forest service, it is possible to consider a complementarity between the two modes of intervention.