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The gravity of the issue of extremely premature births calls for the implementation of prevention measures. This descriptive population study of live births aims to describe the socioeconomic and sociodemographic characteristics of mothers who gave birth to a premature child at the limit of viability. The results show a higher frequency of this type of childbirth in instances of extreme maternal age and in a context of social and economic precariousness. They contribute to better targeting early prevention, but also to the specific protection of these mothers and their very fragile newborns.