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This article presents a wide-ranging reflection on the roots of poverty through a systematic and radical deconstruction of the very idea of « traditional culture ». The traditional culture is not responsible for poorness – since « the » traditional culture does not exist, but within each culture four general tendancies (hierarchy, entrepreneurship, contestation and apathy), as shown by M. Douglas’ Theory of culture, quite renowned in anglo-saxon countries but here exposed for the first time in french. The article also deconstructsThe article also deconstructs the very notion of poverty.