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Any consideration of the situation of psychoanalysis with regard to the neurosciences naturally brings to mind Freud who, as a physiologist, did not hesitate to implicate actual cerebral structures in his system. This leads us to the question of how the unconscious is perceived by both integrative and cognitive sciences, two complex facets of the neurosciences. We subsequently examine two separate classes of unconscious. The first, of a cognitive nature, has already been the object of recent analysis with the help of cerebral markers, which indicate a possible link between the neural and the mental. Finally, the possibility of an instrumental analysis of mental operations, which involve extreme affectivity and are revealed by psychoanalysis, is evoked.