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Martial Gueroult gave a course at the Collège de France on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in 1957–1958, which remains unpublished. The text presented here is an edition of a lesson on the difference between the two versions of the transcendental deduction of the categories. Gueroult addresses a common question that is raised by the commentary, that of whether the second edition of the Critique disavowed the doctrine of the first version. In opposition to Herman Jan de Vleeschauwer’s interpretation, Gueroult argues that the effort to clarify the deduction, no less than the concern to avoid a psychological reading of the faculties, led Kant to take a single approach toward the deduction of the categories: from the top down.