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The thesis defended in this article is that the Chinese government, headed by a Party which still claims communism, uses capitalism, by strictly controlling it, in order to accelerate development, but without deviating from a priority objective: the construction of a socialist society; and it relies on the Marx who thought that communism presupposed a high development of the productive forces. In France, this thesis is in the minority, and opposed; perhaps, paradoxically, because similarities exist between the two countries. However, there are also many misunderstandings between them (Part I). This could be due in particular to the differences in the ways of thinking of these two peoples, in particular vis-à-vis the contradictions and movements of the dialectic (Part II), as also in terms of the mobilization of morality through political discourse (Part III). Finally, the authors analyze the effects of this comparison on the interpretation of “socialism with Chinese colors” (Part IV).