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The paper focuses on the worldwide crisis of the recent pandemic with a focus on exploring the possible contribution of philosophy to the analysis and the adjudication of certain ethical, juridical and sociopolitical issues with which we have been confronted. It proposes a discussion of a series of crucial dilemmas calling for practical decisions, involving governments, institutions, health professionals, but also all citizens—before and after the production and the availability of effective vaccines. It draws on the resources of contemporary moral and political theories and tries to apply the relevant concepts and principles to the resolution of the dilemmas in question. It is argued that in most cases we tend to recognize the priority of deontological conceptions over consequentialist considerations, although the latter cannot be completely avoided in situations of extreme emergency. Moreover, the pandemic makes it possible to appreciate the importance of moral and epistemic virtues in critical decision-making.