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Since the 1960s, in France, decentralization has emerged as one of the main way to achieve a better government. By transferring powers from the state to local authorities, nothing less was expected than deepening democracy, increasing prosperity and renewing “minority” cultures. Since, the reform of the territorial public action aims, by ongoing alterations, to achieve at last the initial promises. Is it worth pursuing this way or is it time to look for different ways for emancipation? JEL Codes: H70, H77, R11, R50.