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The space sector is going through a period of upheaval. New technologies are evolving, private players have emerged and are increasingly influential and the strategic nature of space is growing in importance. We chose to study these transformations through the case of a Japanese start-up, Astroscale, created in 2013 and specialized in the treatment of space debris. This case study allows us to highlight significant dynamics that are specific to the space sector. First, the challenge that is posed to the future of space activities by the growing problem of space debris is explained. Secondly, the emergence of new visionary entrepreneurs with ambitions in space is outlined. Finally, the analysis in this case confirms the central role played by the States in the creation of new markets.