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This article presents the main transformations in the microstructure of financial markets since the generalization of market automation. Today, the structural modification of the financial markets, combined with the evolution of information technologies, have led to upheavals, both in market practices and in the infrastructures necessary for market intervention. The rise of high-frequency trading has enabled the development of a new economy for brokerage firms, trading platforms, and telecommunications companies and has led to the emergence of new players, fintechs, whose business models are mainly based on new technologies.