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The purpose of this article is to analyze what unites and separates Marxian economic theory from that of Cartelier. Behind a radical critique of Marxian theories of value and money, Cartelier in fact draws on fundamental elements of Marxian analysis, such as the dual character of labor that arises from its social division. Nevertheless, Cartelier may seem to go further than Marx in critiquing political economy, as the French economist dismisses the hypothesis of nomenclature, thereby eliminating any form of price theory. He also rejects Mar’’s conception of the wage relation as a relationship of exchange, which was the basis of his theory of exploitation. The absence of “goods” and “prices” in Cartelier’s nominal analysis paves the way for an interconnection between economics and other social sciences, making it possible to assert that his work is not confined to the “economicism” for which he is often criticized.