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Peer culture is now replacing parent culture as transmission gives way to imitation. From now on one must measure up in the eyes of others – of one’s peer group – even if one has to fight one’s parents to do so. One of the horrors of middle-school and high-school recess yards is to be seen as a “loser” for having failed to gain the approval of the group by retreating before a challenge or by not wearing the “right «brand of clothing or shoes. Self-esteem is no longer based on respecting unanimously held values that structure the social bond. It is no longer nurtured by following in the footsteps of elders or ancestors but by following one’s peers. The need for representation is observed in various forms among boys and girls.