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After 1905, civil courts refused to legislate in a definitive manner on child custody cases between Russian Jews for two decades. The impossibility of getting divorced, combined with legal constraints on married women stemming from the French Civil Code negatively affected custody outcomes for Russian Jewish women, as well as French women who became Russian by marriage. Focusing on this issue of child custody cases between Russian Jewish couples, this article explores the impact of judicial pluralism on the children born of immigrant Jewish families in France in the early twentieth century.