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This study examined how managerial diversity and entrepreneurial orientation affect the financial and social performance of Cameroon’s SME microfinance institutions (MFIs). A quantitative questionnaire was given to 397 managers of Cameroonian MFIs, selected using purposive sampling, between January and February 2023. The results of the structural equations used to test the hypotheses first highlight a direct effect of demographic diversity on financial performance, as well as cultural diversity on social performance, and an indirect effect through entrepreneurial orientation. The results also show that financial and social performance are not influenced by the same dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation. Our findings suggest that MFI managers should more readily take advantage of the diversity of their team and encourage a culture of innovation, calculated risk-taking, autonomy and competitive aggressiveness to reach their financial goals, and that particular attention should be paid to autonomy to achieve their social goals.JEL Codes: G21, M13