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Competition occupied a central place in the work of Maurice Allais. From an analytical standpoint, competition, as a differentiated sector with multiple enterprises under perfect competition, coexists with a non-differentiated sector with a single nationalized company. Moreover, competition is not spontaneous but organized by law. Competitive planning allows for a balance between market forces and state regulation. From a doctrinal standpoint, competition is an alternative to laissez-faire and central planning. Allais is presented in the academic context of his day. In the footsteps of Lippmann and Rougier, he laid the foundation of a new economic liberalism based on competition rather than private property.