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Today cancer is seen as a disease that affects both sexes roughly equally. This is, however, a relatively recent development. Until the mid-twentieth century, cancer was viewed as a pathology mainly affecting women, because female malignancies produced typical symptoms, and were easier to detect. In the twentieth century, women’s cancers – of breast and uterus – became the principal targets of public campaigns to promote the early detection of malignant tumours. From the 1950s on, the development of more efficient diagnostic methods and the increase in the prevalence of lung cancer, a disease found more often in men, put an end to the image of cancer as a female pathology. On the other hand, cancers of female reproductive organs continue to be more visible in public discourse and the media than those of male reproductive organs, and preventive – and mutilating – forms of surgery are more often proposed for women at risk from these pathologies.