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Combining the doctoral research of Sabine Bosler, Julie Pascau, and Joannie Pleau, this article explores how, in research on media literacy and media education, the relationship between the actors studied and media and digital technology is theorized, based on different concepts: digital culture, digital practices, social representations of digital technology, and learning. The article then examines the variety of ways in which these concepts are operationalized in methods adapted to the objects of the two fields of research. In the face of these theoretical and methodological stances, the article highlights the need for researchers to question their relationship with the actors they study, the relationship between the discourse they produce, and that produced by these actors, and the expected usefulness of their research for their field of study.