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Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency. The measurement of two biomarkers—transferrin saturation coefficient (TSC) and ferritin—makes it possible to distinguish the two etiological forms of this deficiency (absolute or functional) and to quantify them. We studied the frequency with which these two tests were prescribed in the follow-up of 96,724 patients who received iron supplementation between January 2006 and December 2015. These tests were prescribed in only one third of treatment sequences and even less in the post-treatment period. Patients with chronic diseases were more likely to benefit from iron supplementation, but this was still largely inadequate. Iron supplementation is therefore most frequently applied without identification of the etiology involved or assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment. A review of the literature is presented to compare TSC and ferritin in the management of iron deficiency.