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Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common condition worldwide with significant morbidity. Mortality is specifically related to complications of the disease, especially bleeding, and the patient’s comorbidities. PUD is a multifactorial disease linked, among other things, to Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, which plays a fundamental role in the development of peptic ulcer disease and whose eradication leads to better ulcer healing and fewer recurrences of the disease. [3] Smoking is a major independent risk factor for the development of peptic ulcer disease (PUD), as well as for the occurrence of stenotic, bleeding, and perforative complications. It is estimated that 60–65% of complicated PUDs occur in patients who smoke. Smoking is also associated with delayed PUD healing, a risk of ulcer recurrence, and HP eradication failure, even after controlling for socio-demographic factors considered to be main confounders [4]. These data underline the importance of treating tobacco dependence in ulcer patients, as well as the importance of understanding the interaction between tobacco and HP. This investigation therefore constitutes a valuable resource on the pathology in relation to the effect of tobacco and HP, which can be used to improve the diagnostic and therapeutic management of PUD, using multiple gastroenterological, microbiological, and molecular approaches, as well as behavioral mechanisms.