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Hereditary syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis, MUTYH-associated polyposis, and Lynch syndrome, particularly predispose individuals to the development of colorectal cancer (CCR). These situations have required the development of tailored prevention strategies, based largely on reinforced endoscopic surveillance. This approach remains insufficient, and the search for complementary prevention strategies is necessary. Chemoprevention, which is the long-term administration of chemical agents limiting carcinogenesis, used as primary or secondary prophylaxis, is one of these strategies. The effectiveness of chemoprevention in controlling the risk of colorectal or duodenal neoplasia has been demonstrated in familial adenomatous polyposis. The data concerning the benefit of aspirin in Lynch syndrome still need to be consolidated. The risks associated with the long-term use of some of these products limit their use to specific situations.