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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional digestive disorder characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort and alterations in bowel frequency and consistency. Affecting approximately 5% of the global population, IBS is more prevalent in women and can occur at any age. Subtypes include constipation-predominant, diarrhea-predominant, and mixed forms. IBS significantly impacts quality of life and incurs substantial economic costs. The multifactorial nature of IBS involves dysbiosis, intestinal barrier disruption, mucosal immune activation, and gut-brain axis disturbances, complicating treatment. Probiotics have long offered a promising therapeutic option by modulating the gut microbiota, strengthening the epithelial barrier, activating mucosal immunity, and influencing the gut-brain axis. Many studies highlight the clinical efficacy of strains like Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus plantarum. However, clinical recommendations for probiotic use face challenges due to insufficient evidence, hindering widespread adoption. Probiotics are often used on an empirical basis, without medical advice. Recent technological advances, combined with a better understanding of the mechanisms of action of probiotic strains, offer promising prospects for the development of more targeted strains and personalized treatments. These approaches can be tailored to specific microbiota alterations and other identified pathophysiological factors.