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The United States faces the most complex nuclear weapons challenges since the beginning of the nuclear age: China is becoming a rising nuclear power and the United States has never had to deal with two nuclear powers. Meanwhile, the United States’ allies are losing confidence in its security guarantees. Arms control agreements have all but disappeared, while advances in disruptive technologies are adding a new, highly destabilizing dynamic to the deterrent calculus. The United States must adapt its nuclear strategy and modernize its armed forces to remain credible, while reinforcing stability and reducing the risk of nuclear weapons being used.