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In the mid-1980s, a major controversy emerged in the USA among developmental psychologists regarding the developmental effects of a child spending lots of time in routine non-maternal child care during the first year of life. Since then, numerous studies have been conducted in order to clear up this issue and to overcome the two major weaknesses of prior research: the failure to take into account (1) factors that explain why some children spend more time than others in non-maternal care arrangements (selection effects) and (2) the quality of child care that children receive. The latter factor is particularly important because many have argued—and continue to argue—that negative effects on social behavior only emerge when the quality of child care is poor. This paper shows that, even after accounting for selection effects and quality of care accounted, a rather substantial body of research continues to argue that more time spent in any kind of child care during the first four to five years of life is associated with less harmonious mother-child relationships and more aggression and disobedience. Although the magnitude of these effects is modest, the fact that these developmental conditions are so widespread should be a cause for concern.