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Ecological and social crises impose on public authorities the priority of meeting the basic needs of current and future generations, particularly in the food sector. Theoretical analysis and historical experience show us the limits of both market and planned economies to satisfy these needs. To slow global warming and to thwart the collapse of biodiversity, ecological and social transition requires a renewal of collective and public intervention. We envision some ways to reform the consumption and agri-food production system, which would allow the public authorities, through coherent multi-level planning, to make the best use of our dwindling natural resources.