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Although genetic transmission is fundamental for the family, parenthood is a constructed concept which, in some contexts, can be expressed outside of any biological connection between child and parents. In this review article we approach the question of parenthood in cases where there is no biological bond, or only a partial one, between parents and children, namely cases of adoption and gamete donation, in which the absence of a full genetic connection together with the involvement of a third party (biological parents/donors) raises legal, ethical and social questions. The article explores European guidelines on conception through gamete donation and adoption, as well as the reasons for choosing to undergo such a process. Finally, particular attention is given to parental representations of the child and of themselves as parents, the influence of the donor/biological parents, the impact of secrecy and disclosure about the child’s origin, and the development of family identity.