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The European mandate that ends (2019-2024) has undoubtedly been placed under the sign of the Green Deal (Pacte vert). In 2019, Ursula von der Layen, President of the Commission, made it the heart of her program, appropriating themes dear to the left. In 2020, the pandemic has not stopped this ambition. The Green Deal was even for the President of the European Commission, supported by a majority in the European Parliament and within the Member States, a trademark during her first three years of responsibilities. However, as early as 2021, negotiations on the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) showed the difficulties in reconciling ecological ambition, competitiveness challenges and social objectives. The virulent questioning of the Green Deal that characterized the 2024 election campaign, following farmer movements that affected all of Europe, is the culmination of these difficulties. It illustrates Europe’s twin challenges: the need for the European Union to define the conditions for a just transition in order to maintain climate ambition, and the need to face green competition from China and the United States.