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Domestic inspections are medically prescribed for patients whose pathologies could be caused or aggravated by housing-related risk factors. This study describes the housing-related risk factors found in 386 dwellings inspected in Paris (2015–2019), the predominant pathologies of the 442 patients, changes in their health after the inspection, and their compliance with advice given to them during inspections to help them reduce domestic risk exposure. At least 50% of the inspected dwellings had signs of humidity, a faulty or missing ventilation system, overcrowding, or visible mold. Mold was more frequently observed (p < 0.05) in dwellings with signs of humidity, overcrowding, fuel poverty, faulty or missing ventilation, and pests, and in dwellings not occupied by the owners or located on the ground floor. The dwellings of patients with asthma (53% of patients) display higher proportions of overcrowding and fuel poverty, whereas the dwellings of patients with interstitial lung disease (13% of patients) display a lower proportion of visible mold, compared to the dwellings of patients with pathologies other than diseases of the lower respiratory tract (17% of patients). After inspection, an improvement, either partial or complete, in patients’ health was reported by 42% of interviewed patients and by 50% of responding physicians. 92% of patients interviewed reported having followed all or some of the advice given to help them reduce their indoor risk exposure. 50% of patients hoped the domestic inspections would find the origin of their symptoms and improve their quality of life, with 28% of patients hoping it would lead to relocation. Patients who reported worsening health after inspections were the least likely to report having followed advice given to help them reduce their indoor risk exposure and were more likely to express the wish to be relocated.