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The chasm between anthropology and sociology, depending on researchers being interested in whether an object is located in the North or in the South, could not be completely eradicated, even though its pointlessness was unanimously admitted. Criticism is therefore weakened, since it is only based locally and cannot target the reasons, both in the North and in the South, for suffering and inequality. African countries south of the Sahara have reappropriated criticism, integrating it into an increasingly multifaceted Islamic thinking. It increasingly seems, however, to be the most structured doctrine in opposition to market-oriented globalization.