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The paper deals with the implementation of eugenic and racist practices in Public Health and Welfare domain. In this process, the Public Health offices played a vital and widely underestimated role, after they had been completely reorganized for this purpose. Vienna is a very instructive example, since its specific situation made the city a top priority on the agenda of Nazi racial politics. This can be seen in a broad range of fields, to mention just the most important ones : eugenic screening of marriages, persecution of “anti-social behavior”, forced sterilizations and mass killing of patients in the so-called “euthanasia” programs, as well as a considerable contribution of the health authorities to the persecution of Jews, Sinti and Roma and forced laborers.