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Reinventing the Afterlife in Japan (1960-2020): From Temple Dioramas to Architect-designed Hell and Heaven Parks

Par : Type de matériel : TexteTexteLangue : français Détails de publication : 2024. Ressources en ligne : Abrégé : In Japan the ancestralized dead are generally associated with graves and memorial tablets. Yet the most tangible and elaborate form of post-mortem contact with the mass of those existing outside this status (for example in the hells or as hungry ghosts, gaki) is provided by three dimensional re-creations of the otherworld, based on the painted scrolls portraying the six paths of reincarnation (rokudō-e). They are to be found in temples containing halls dedicated to the infernal King and judge Enma (Yama), in relatively recent additions to other temples or, more generally, on sites of “Buddhist leisure” such as contemporary religious-themed amusement parks, or even as roadside attractions. Amusement and religious instruction continue to be combined also in sites such as the sacred mountain of Tateyama, anciently known as an abode of the dead and later as a pilgrimage destination. In order to develop tourism in the 1990s the local prefectural authorities built a museum housing the famous “pilgrimage mandala” scrolls as well as a series of parks. The most ambitious of these is the Tateyama mandara amusement park (Tateyama mandara yūen), a very complex symbolic and multisensorial representation of the world of the eponymous scrolls. Designed by a well-known architect it mainly portrays the souls’ itinerary through the paths of rebirth and includes seven paradises in the form of installations by artists. Other attempts at recreating the afterlife include minor tourist attractions such as the Izu Gokurakuen (paradise amusement park), now prized by some as an example of retro Shōwa nostalgia, a building containing still another version of plaster dioramas of infernal tortures embellished by light effects, plus a paradise attached to a sex museum. Another type of re-creation is constituted by the models of new hells (such as that for “eraser thieves”) made by schoolchildren to whom an artist and former teacher had shown pictures of the Tateyama mandalas as a source of inspiration.
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In Japan the ancestralized dead are generally associated with graves and memorial tablets. Yet the most tangible and elaborate form of post-mortem contact with the mass of those existing outside this status (for example in the hells or as hungry ghosts, gaki) is provided by three dimensional re-creations of the otherworld, based on the painted scrolls portraying the six paths of reincarnation (rokudō-e). They are to be found in temples containing halls dedicated to the infernal King and judge Enma (Yama), in relatively recent additions to other temples or, more generally, on sites of “Buddhist leisure” such as contemporary religious-themed amusement parks, or even as roadside attractions. Amusement and religious instruction continue to be combined also in sites such as the sacred mountain of Tateyama, anciently known as an abode of the dead and later as a pilgrimage destination. In order to develop tourism in the 1990s the local prefectural authorities built a museum housing the famous “pilgrimage mandala” scrolls as well as a series of parks. The most ambitious of these is the Tateyama mandara amusement park (Tateyama mandara yūen), a very complex symbolic and multisensorial representation of the world of the eponymous scrolls. Designed by a well-known architect it mainly portrays the souls’ itinerary through the paths of rebirth and includes seven paradises in the form of installations by artists. Other attempts at recreating the afterlife include minor tourist attractions such as the Izu Gokurakuen (paradise amusement park), now prized by some as an example of retro Shōwa nostalgia, a building containing still another version of plaster dioramas of infernal tortures embellished by light effects, plus a paradise attached to a sex museum. Another type of re-creation is constituted by the models of new hells (such as that for “eraser thieves”) made by schoolchildren to whom an artist and former teacher had shown pictures of the Tateyama mandalas as a source of inspiration.

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