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This paper analyzes the sources of dynamism of the industrial district in Kojima. For this, we examine its history, current position, its transaction relations, and especially the roles of local conventions. The development of Kojima has been supported by collective representation as convention shared in this district, rather than by the transaction relations or the social division of labor. Most of the scholars, when they point out the advantage of industrial districts with reference to untraded interdependencies, emphasize a balance between “competition and cooperation”. Nevertheless, the case of Kojima demonstrates that a strong competition among local firms is, under certain conditions, essential for regional development and that the social relationship indispensable to regional dynamism can take different forms.