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This article aims to understand the exodus of one million people from North to South Vietnam following the Geneva Accords on July 21, 1954, which ended the Indochina War. Catholics in Tonkin experienced the dramatic moment when Catholic schools were closed and their students took part in the exodus out of North Vietnam. For the Church in the North, this was a great challenge: it had to close its interdiocesan seminaries in Hanoi and the regional major seminary in Nam Định. How did the southern dioceses and the policy of the First Republic of the South organize the reception and education of the refugees from North Vietnam? Twenty years later, South Vietnam experienced a similar upheaval after the fall of Saigon in 1975. The second part of this article concerns the reception and education of the Vietnamese migration to France following the fall of Saigon (April 30, 1975). How did the Paris Foreign Missions Society and the Vietnamese Lassallian Brothers in France cooperate with the Church of France and the French government in the reception of Vietnamese refugee priests and the education of Vietnamese refugees in France from 1975 to 1985? We focus our research on the assistance given by Catholic Missions in France to Vietnamese refugees in both integrating into the life and culture of France, and maintaining their own Vietnamese identity.