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This article, which is based on lengthy ethnographic research on Senegalese migration to France, North America and Central Africa, and which includes a large number of research trips to Senegal, follows the Senegalese graduates’ return to their country against the background of the economic dynamics at work there. The returning Senegalese graduates are more involved in entrepreneurship and development activities, on the fringes of the state sector, than in the types of employment taken up by those who returned to the country in the years following independence. The countries and training curricula concerned are playing a key role in these changes, which should not, however, be allowed to obscure the local labour market’s limited ability to absorb graduates.