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The article analyses the strategic challenges Mongolia has faced since 1990. It allows us to better understand the strategic factors determining the development of bilateral relations between France and Mongolia over this period. In so doing, the article presents the strategic context in which Mongolia is situated. More broadly, this article uses the case of Mongolia to emphasize the role that “small countries” can play in a national defence and security strategy. This role is based on the innovative and dynamic national security strategy policies implemented by those countries, which establish them as providers of stability in their region.