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Plunged in a vast evolutionary controversy challenging the dogma of the divine creation of an unchanging world, the parallel emergence of Darwinian ecology and Marxist sociology has sparked simplifying interpretations that these two theories have had to confront separately, thwarting their much-needed dialogue. This confusion gave rise to superficial and erroneous contradictions between the two theories, but above all, it completely obscured a far more important common originality in their methodological foundations. The mutual misunderstanding that ensued persists even today, inhibiting the stabilization, offered by Darwinism and Marxism, of a scientific approach that would fully integrate ecological and social facts.