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In homage to the thought of Lucien Sève, this article aims to offer a presentation of his work in order to establish the foundations of a Marxian anthropology and to reflect on their implications for the psychological sciences. Analyzing the main theses of Marxism and the Theory of Human Personality, a major work published in 1969, and the way in which Lucien Sève revisits them forty years later, it raises some key points of discussion regarding the relationships between tool and sign, labor-intensive activities and symbolic activities.