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The multilateralism that emerged at the end of the twentieth century took off within an Atlantic alliance that combined two security imperatives, one military, the other social. In three decades, the expansion of trade followed by the erosion of the Soviet Bloc deeply transformed the world economy. Its growth, in a new neoliberal context, has been marked by a rise in internal inequalities and a series of financial crises that international institutions have been unable to regulate. The challenge represented by anthropogenic climate change requires increased awareness and a renewed multilateralism, which is thus far too modest. In this respect, the 2020 health crisis can act as a shock, enabling a quicker reconstruction of a multilateralism that meets both health and climate challenges, providing that certain conditions are met, clarifying the common objectives and the necessary solidarities.