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This paper sheds light on the analysis by different scientific disciplines of the gap that exists between the part played by actors and the implementation of public policies. During the 1970s and at the start of the 1980s, the approach was based on the relevant actors in a ruralist tradition of economic development, particularly in France. Public policies were beneficial to the state. The following period took the opposite view, which was that of the market, and analyses once again adopted the notion of representative actors in the neo-classical tradition. Today, many multidisciplinary analyses are identifying the logic and roles played by actors. However, there is a parallel risk of privatization of public policies and an increasing role given to donors. The key question remains as to how to build public policy and different methods of coordination among actors.