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The therapeutic decision whether or not to systematically give all children aged zero to five years vitamin D supplements is a question that remains difficult to answer. In France, a multicenter epidemiological study shows that rickets is not very prevalent, even though vitamin D intake compliance is not known and can be considered imperfect because it is restrictive. Children under five with pigmented skin, those who are immigrants or adopted,, as well as those who are exclusively breastfed, are at risk of deficiency rickets. A better knowledge of the risk factors could make it possible to define a priority target population for supplementation.