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The so called Tavola delle possessioni is a sort of land registry, made by the Commune of Siena between 1316 and 1320. The perspective that characterizes this article, with an archaeological approach, is that to wonder which are the research fields most affected by the data offered by the Tavola, in order to contribute to the study of its potential as a source for material history. The most immediate relationship is with the archaeology of the habitat. In a more general approach, using data contained in the Tavola it is possible to contribute to the reconstruction of a reliable image of the fourteenth-century population. Closer integration between documentary sources and material sources can be achieved through landscape archaeology, considering the possibility offered by the Tavola of contributing to an analytical survey of the anthropized contexts of the rural environment.