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Esophageal cancer, comprising two histological types (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), has a poor prognosis because it is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage. In contrast, the survival rates of patients with superficial cancer is excellent. Advances in endoscopic technology, including high-definition endoscopes, chromoendoscopy, and zoom endoscopes, along with the development of new endoscopic classifications, has significantly improved the ability to detect and characterize esophageal lesions. Endoscopic treatments are now recognized as the gold standard treatment for superficial esophageal cancers, with an excellent curative resection rate and a lower morbidity compared to surgery. For superficial tumors, in the absence of ulceration or stricturing lesions, en-bloc “staging” resection can be proposed, with pathology defining the curative potential of the resection. In the case of non-curative resection, rescue treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, or radiochemotherapy) may be proposed. Digestive endoscopy plays a major role in the management of Barrett’s esophagus, helping prevent adenocarcinoma and reducing the risk of metachronous cancer following curative resection. Artificial intelligence is set to play an important role in the detection and characterization of esophageal lesions in the future, but has not yet been validated in clinical practice.