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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) both fall under the category of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) and affect cognitive and social functioning from an early age. ASD is characterized by persistent impairments in communication and social interaction, restricted and repetitive behaviors, and atypical sensory processing, whereas ADHD typically involves difficulties with attention, inhibition, and emotional regulation. Comorbidity is common and complicates diagnosis and management. At the neurocognitive level, ASD is primarily characterized by executive impairments in cognitive flexibility and planning, as well as a detail-focused style of information processing, whereas individuals with ADHD exhibit difficulties in attention regulation, inhibition, and working memory, which manifest as variable performance depending on internal and external factors. In terms of social adaptation, ASD is associated with broad impairments in social cognition affecting emotion recognition, the interpretation of social situations, and theory of mind, all of which impact social functioning. When ADHD co-occurs with ASD, the cognitive profiles of the two neurodevelopmental disorders combine, influencing clinical presentation, the difficulties experienced, and the types of support required. Given the considerable interindividual variability and the evolving nature of difficulties over time within the same individuals, individualized assessment is essential. Support is based on environmental adaptations, psychotherapeutic approaches such as cognitive remediation, and, when necessary, pharmacological treatment, with the aim of optimizing functioning, addressing comorbidities, and reducing the distress associated with NDDs.