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This article examines the conceptual evolution of the notion of resources within commons theory, highlighting the diversity of approaches since Elinor Ostrom’s initial contributions. Following an integrative literature review, we identify the different types of resources studied empirically. Secondly, an abductive analysis enables us to identify two underlying paradigms: a naturalistic perspective and a relational approach to the commons. We show that these paradigms are rooted in divergent empirical, ontological, and epistemological perspectives on resources, as well as in a particular conception of the commons in its sociopolitical function. Last but not least, we help to outline the research avenues open to future work on the commons. JEL Codes: P28