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Development schemes in the Senegal River delta, which are emblematic of major water projects in West Africa and were accelerated due to the deep drought in the Sahel, have made it easier to secure production through the transition from rainfed and recessional agriculture to irrigated agriculture. However, they have deeply disrupted the delta’s ecosystems and agriculture in the context of very different agricultural policy and development models, from the 1960s to the present, continuously challenging the resilience of local family farming. Today, access to land, capital, and markets remains insecure for many producers and different ways of adaptation can be considered. They allow questioning the notion of resilience.