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Since the mid-2000s, northeastern Cambodia has undergone a rapid and radical agrarian transition, driven firstly by large-scale agricultural enterprises that have acquired and, partly, grabbed vast areas of agricultural land; secondly, by numerous Khmer inmigrants. Indigenous households, which have been dispossessed of some of these lands and natural resources, have tried to reorganize their productive activities, without success for the majority of them, at the cost of land use and growing indebtedness which do not seem sustainable. The article analyses these processes marked by growing economic and social inequalities between indigenous and Khmer populations, as well as among indigenous populations.